Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of time series data?a.Seasonalityb.Trendc.Randomnessd.Cross-sectional variationClear my choice

To determine which of the given options is NOT a characteristic of time series data, we can analyze each option one by one.

a. Seasonality: Seasonality refers to the regular and predictable patterns that occur in a time series at specific time intervals, such as daily, weekly, or yearly cycles. Seasonality is indeed a characteristic of time series data.

b. Trend: Trend refers to the long-term upward or downward movement in a time series. It represents the overall direction or pattern of the data over a period of time. Trend is also a characteristic of time series data.

c. Randomness: Randomness refers to the unpredictable and irregular fluctuations in a time series that do not follow any specific pattern or trend. Randomness is a characteristic of time series data.

d. Cross-sectional variation: Cross-sectional variation refers to the differences or variations observed between different entities or individuals at a specific point in time. However, it is not a characteristic of time series data, as time series data focuses on the changes and patterns within a single entity or variable over time.

Therefore, the correct answer is d. Cross-sectional variation.