Which of the following pathologies can cause a pleural effusion?I. PneumoniaII. Lung cancerIII. TuberculosisIV. Congestive cardiac failure

All of the pathologies listed can cause a pleural effusion.

I. Pneumonia: This is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing a pleural effusion.

II. Lung cancer: This type of cancer can cause a pleural effusion if the tumor spreads to the pleura, the thin membrane that lines the outside of the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity. The cancer can cause the pleura to produce excess fluid, which can build up and cause a pleural effusion.

III. Tuberculosis: This is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. It can cause inflammation and fluid buildup in the pleura, leading to a pleural effusion.

IV. Congestive cardiac failure: This is a condition in which the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should. This can cause fluid to back up in the lungs, leading to a pleural effusion.