2nd Line of Defence Description of the process How does this help destroy pathogens?Fever Inflammation Phagocytosis

It seems like you're asking for a description of the second line of defense in the immune system, specifically fever, inflammation, and phagocytosis, and how they help destroy pathogens. Here's a step-by-step explanation:

1. Fever: The body's temperature increases in response to an infection. This is because many bacteria and viruses thrive at the body's normal temperature, and a fever can slow their growth and increase the rate at which the body's cells can repair themselves. Additionally, a fever stimulates the immune system, speeding up the production of white blood cells, antibodies, and cytokines (molecules that help regulate the immune response).

2. Inflammation: This is a localized response to an infection or injury. Blood vessels in the affected area expand, allowing more blood (carrying immune cells and other molecules) to reach the area. The increased blood flow also causes redness and warmth, which can deter pathogens. Swelling occurs as a result of fluid leakage from the blood vessels into the tissue, which helps isolate the pathogens and prevent them from spreading. Pain is often a side effect of inflammation, due to the pressure of the swelling and the action of certain molecules that can irritate nerve endings.

3. Phagocytosis: This is a process where certain immune cells (like macrophages and neutrophils) engulf and destroy pathogens. These cells are attracted to the site of an infection by inflammatory molecules released by cells already at the site. Once they arrive, they bind to the pathogens and engulf them, forming a vesicle. This vesicle then fuses with a lysosome (a small organelle filled with enzymes) inside the immune cell, and the enzymes break down the pathogen, effectively destroying it.

All these processes work together to limit the spread of pathogens and help the body eliminate them.