Experimenter expectancy effects occur when the behavior of the is influenced by the experimenter's knowledge of who is in which condition.

Experimenter expectancy effects, also known as observer-expectancy effects, occur when a researcher's expectations about the outcome of an experiment influence the behavior of the participants, thus biasing the results. Here are the steps that explain how this happens:

1. Formation of Expectations: The experimenter forms an expectation about what the results of the experiment should be. This could be based on their knowledge of previous research, their own hypotheses, or their personal beliefs.

2. Subconscious Influence: The experimenter, consciously or unconsciously, communicates these expectations to the participants. This could be through subtle cues in their behavior, the way they phrase their instructions, or the environment they create for the experiment.

3. Participant Reaction: The participants pick up on these cues and adjust their behavior accordingly. They might try to meet the experimenter's expectations, or they might rebel against them. Either way, their behavior is influenced by the experimenter's expectations.

4. Biased Results: As a result, the outcome of the experiment reflects not just the variables being studied, but also the experimenter's expectations. This can lead to biased results that