Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet's translation strategies are a set of seven procedures that can be used to translate a text from one language to another. Here are examples of these strategies in both English and Arabic:

1. Borrowing: This is when a word or phrase is directly taken from one language and used in another.
English example: The word "café" is borrowed from French.
Arabic example: The word "فيلم" (film) is borrowed from English.

2. Calque: This is a word-for-word or literal translation of each element of a phrase.
English example: "Skyscraper" is a calque of the French "gratte-ciel".
Arabic example: "بناية شاهقة" is a calque of the English "skyscraper".

3. Literal Translation: This is a direct translation of the source text without any changes.
English example: "I am happy" can be literally translated to French as "Je suis heureux".
Arabic example: "أنا سعيد" is a literal translation of the English "I am happy".

4. Transposition: This involves changing the grammatical category of a word without altering its meaning.
English example: "I gave him a book" can be transposed to "A book was given to him by me".
Arabic example: "أعطيته كتابا" can be transposed to "كتاب أعطيت إليه من قبلي".

5. Modulation: This involves changing the point of view or cognitive category in relation to the source text.
English example: "It's not hard to do" can be modulated to "It's easy to do".
Arabic example: "ليس من الصعب القيام به" can be modulated to "من السهل القيام به".

6. Equivalence: This involves using an idiom or fixed expression that has the same meaning in the target language.
English example: "It's raining cats and dogs" can be translated to French as "Il pleut des cordes" (It's raining ropes).
Arabic example: "يمطر بغزارة" is an equivalence of the English "It's raining cats and dogs".

7. Adaptation: This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture.
English example: "He hit a home run" can be adapted to British English as "He scored a goal".
Arabic example: "سجل هدفا" is an adaptation of the American English "He hit a home run".

Question

Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet's translation strategies are a set of seven procedures that can be used to translate a text from one language to another. Here are examples of these strategies in both English and Arabic:

1. Borrowing: This is when a word or phrase is directly taken from one language and used in another. 
   English example: The word "café" is borrowed from French.
   Arabic example: The word "فيلم" (film) is borrowed from English.

2. Calque: This is a word-for-word or literal translation of each element of a phrase.
   English example: "Skyscraper" is a calque of the French "gratte-ciel".
   Arabic example: "بناية شاهقة" is a calque of the English "skyscraper".

3. Literal Translation: This is a direct translation of the source text without any changes.
   English example: "I am happy" can be literally translated to French as "Je suis heureux".
   Arabic example: "أنا سعيد" is a literal translation of the English "I am happy".

4. Transposition: This involves changing the grammatical category of a word without altering its meaning.
   English example: "I gave him a book" can be transposed to "A book was given to him by me".
   Arabic example: "أعطيته كتابا" can be transposed to "كتاب أعطيت إليه من قبلي".

5. Modulation: This involves changing the point of view or cognitive category in relation to the source text.
   English example: "It's not hard to do" can be modulated to "It's easy to do".
   Arabic example: "ليس من الصعب القيام به" can be modulated to "من السهل القيام به".

6. Equivalence: This involves using an idiom or fixed expression that has the same meaning in the target language.
   English example: "It's raining cats and dogs" can be translated to French as "Il pleut des cordes" (It's raining ropes).
   Arabic example: "يمطر بغزارة" is an equivalence of the English "It's raining cats and dogs".

7. Adaptation: This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture.
   English example: "He hit a home run" can be adapted to British English as "He scored a goal".
   Arabic example: "سجل هدفا" is an adaptation of the American English "He hit a home run".

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