Perceived connections between performances and outcomesSelect one:a.Expectancyb.Motivational forcec.Instrumentalityd.Valence

Step 1: Break Down the Problem

The question requires selecting the correct option that describes the perceived connections between performances and outcomes. To do this, we must understand the terms given in the options.

Step 2: Relevant Concepts

1. Expectancy - This refers to the belief that effort will lead to performance success.
2. Motivational Force - This is the overall drive that influences a person's effort based on the expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
3. Instrumentality - This is the belief that performance will lead to certain outcomes or rewards.
4. Valence - This reflects the value an individual places on the expected outcomes.

Step 3: Analysis and Detail

• The question specifically asks about the perceived connections between performances and outcomes. In this context:
  • Expectancy relates more to effort leading to performance.
  • Motivational force is a broader term that incorporates all factors contributing to motivation.
  • Instrumentality refers directly to the connection between performance and outcomes (the belief that if performance is achieved, certain outcomes will follow).
  • Valence focuses on the attractiveness of those outcomes.

Step 4: Verify and Summarize

Based on the definitions, the option that directly relates to the perceived connection between performances (what you do) and outcomes (what you achieve) is Instrumentality.

Final Answer

The correct answer is c. Instrumentality.