According to drive-reduction theory, needs refer to:

According to drive-reduction theory, needs refer to physiological or psychological requirements that create an internal state of tension or drive. When an individual experiences a need, such as hunger or thirst, it leads to a drive that motivates them to engage in behaviors to satisfy that need. This theory, developed by Clark Hull, suggests that human behavior is primarily motivated by the desire to reduce these drives and restore a state of balance or homeostasis. For example, if someone feels hungry (a need), they are driven to eat (a behavior) to alleviate the discomfort associated with that hunger. In essence, needs are fundamental motivators of behavior aimed at achieving satisfaction and reducing tension.