What is the primary advantage of using assembly language over high-level languages?

The primary advantage of using assembly language over high-level languages is that it provides direct control over the hardware. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is specific to a particular computer architecture. It allows programmers to write instructions directly to the CPU, memory, and other hardware components, which can result in more efficient and faster execution of code.

Here are the steps to explain this:

1. Direct Hardware Manipulation: Assembly language has a one-to-one relationship with machine language, the language that a specific computer architecture understands. This allows programmers to write code that directly manipulates the hardware, providing a level of control that high-level languages cannot match.

2. Efficiency and Speed: Because assembly language allows direct hardware manipulation, it can be more efficient than high-level languages. The code written in assembly language can be executed faster because it does not need to go through the additional translation steps that high-level language code does.

3. Specific Hardware Optimization: Programmers can optimize their code for a specific hardware configuration using assembly language. This can result in significant performance improvements, especially in systems where resources are limited or specific hardware features need to be utilized.

4. Learning and Understanding: Writing in assembly language can provide a deeper understanding of how a computer works. It can be a valuable learning experience for programmers, helping them to write more efficient code in high-level languages.

However, it's important to note that writing in assembly language is more complex and time-consuming than writing in high-level languages. It requires a deep understanding of the specific computer architecture and hardware. High-level languages are designed to be easier to write, read, and maintain, and they are portable across different computer architectures.