Where does transcription occur and where does translation occur in the cell?

Transcription and translation are two essential processes in gene expression, occurring in different locations within the cell.

1. Transcription: This process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. The mRNA then undergoes processing, including capping and polyadenylation, before it is transported out of the nucleus.

2. Translation: This process occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically on the ribosomes, which can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). During translation, the mRNA is read by ribosomes and translated into a polypeptide chain of amino acids, ultimately folding into a functional protein.

In summary, transcription takes place in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes. These processes are crucial for the synthesis of proteins, which play a vital role in various cellular functions.