Briefly define the following techniques for perfomring I/O operations.i. Programmed I/O.ii. Intem-rpt-driven I/O.

i. Programmed I/O: Programmed I/O is a technique for performing input/output operations where the CPU directly controls the data transfer between the I/O device and the memory. In this technique, the CPU continuously polls the I/O device to check if it is ready for data transfer. Once the device is ready, the CPU initiates the transfer by reading or writing data to/from the device. Programmed I/O is simple to implement but can be inefficient as it requires constant CPU involvement.

ii. Interrupt-driven I/O: Interrupt-driven I/O is a technique for performing input/output operations where the CPU is not continuously involved in the data transfer process. Instead, the I/O device sends an interrupt signal to the CPU when it is ready for data transfer. Upon receiving the interrupt, the CPU suspends its current task and transfers control to the interrupt handler. The interrupt handler then performs the necessary data transfer between the I/O device and the memory. Interrupt-driven I/O is more efficient than programmed I/O as it allows the CPU to perform other tasks while waiting for I/O operations to complete.